Downloadable References and Abstracts

Please see my Google Scholar page for the most recent references. Below are references with abstracts and PDF files available for download.

 

 

Tailoring Vacancies Far Beyond Intrinsic Levels Changes the Carrier Type in Monolayer MoSe2-x Crystals , Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Liangbo Liang, Akinola D Oyedele, Yong-Sung Kim, Mengkun Tian, Nicholas Cross, Kai Wang, Ming-Wei Lin, Abdelaziz Boulesbaa, Christopher M Rouleau, Alexander A Puretzky, Kai Xiao, Mina Yoon, Gyula Eres, Gerd Duscher, Bobby G Sumpter, David B Geohegan  Nano Letters ASAP July (2016). DOI:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02263 PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

 

 

 

Two-dimensional GaSe/MoSe2 misfit bilayer heterojunctions by van der Waals epitaxy”, X. Li, M.-W. Lin, J. Lin, B. Huang, A. A. Puretzky, C. Ma, K. Wang, W. Zhou, S. T. Pantelides, C. Miao, I. Kravchenko, J. Fowlkes, C. M. Rouleau, D. B. Geohegan, K. Xiao Science Advances, 2, E1501882 (2016). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501882 PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

 

 

 

Isoelectronic Tungsten Doping in Monolayer MoSe2 for Carrier Type Modulation, Xufan Li, Ming-Wei Lin, Leonardo Basile, Saban M Hus, Alexander A Puretzky, Jaekwang Lee, Yen-Chien Kuo, Lo-Yueh Chang, Kai Wang, Juan C Idrobo, An-Ping Li, Chia-Hao Chen, Christopher M Rouleau, David B Geohegan, Kai Xiao,  Advanced Materials, ASAP (2016). DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601991 PDF Supp.info.

 

 

 

 

 

Van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of Two-Dimensional Single-Crystalline GaSe Domains on Graphene” X. Li, L.Basile, B. Huang, C. Ma, J. Lee, I. V Vlassiouk, A. A Puretzky, M.-W. Lin, M. Yoon, M. Chi, J. C Idrobo, C. M Rouleau, B. G Sumpter, D. B Geohegan, K. Xiao, ,  ACS Nano 9(8), 8078 (2015). DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01943 PDF Suppl.Info.

 

 

 

 

Interlayer Coupling in Twisted WSe2/WS2 Bilayer Heterostructures Revealed by Optical Spectroscopy
Kai Wang, B. Huang, M. Tian, F. Ceballos, M.-W. Lin, M. Mahjouri-Samani, A. Boulesbaa, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, M. Yoon, H. Zhao, K. Xiao, G. Duscher, and D. B. Geohegan
ACS Nano, ASAP June 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01486 PDF Suppl.Info.

 

 

 

 

 

Twisted MoSe2 Bilayers with Variable Local Stacking and Interlayer Coupling Revealed by Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy”,  A. A. Puretzky, L. Liang, X. Li, K. Xiao, B. G. Sumpter, V. Meunier, and D. B. Geohegan  ACS Nano 10, 2736 (2016). DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07807PDF Suppl.Info.

 

 

 

 

 

Thickness Dependent charge transport in few-layer MoS2 field effect transistors, Ming-Wei Lin, Ivan I Kravchenko, Jason Fowlkes, Xufan Li, Alexander A Puretzky, Christopher M Rouleau, David B Geohegan, Kai Xiao, Nanotechnology, 27, 165203 (2016).  DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/27/16/165203 PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

 

 

 

Observation of two distinct negative trions in tungsten disulfide monolayers
Abdelaziz Boulesbaa, Bing Huang, Kai Wang, Ming-Wei Lin, Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Christopher Rouleau, Kai Xiao, Mina Yoon, Bobby Sumpter, Alexander Puretzky, David Geohegan, Physical Review B 92 (11), 115443 (2015). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.115433 PDF

 

 

 

 

Persistent photoconductivity in two-dimensional Mo1−xWxSe2–MoSe2 van der Waals heterojunctions”, X. Li, M.-W. Lin, A. A. Puretzky, L. Basilea, K. Wang, J. C. Idrobo, C. M. Rouleau, D. B. Geohegan, K. Xiao, J. Mater. Res. 31, 923 (2016). (Invited for Focus Issue on “Two-Dimensional Heterostructure Materials”) DOI:101557/jmr.2016.35 PDF

 

 

 

 

 

Ultrathin nanosheets of CrSiTe3: a semiconducting two-dimensional ferromagnetic material
Ming-Wei Lin, Houlong L. Zhuang, Jiaqiang Yan, Thomas Zac Ward, Alexander A. Puretzky,  Christopher M. Rouleau,  Zheng Gai,  Liangbo Liang,  Vincent Meunier, Bobby G. Sumpter, Panchapakesan Ganesh, Paul R. C. Kent, David B. Geohegan, David G. Mandrus and Kai Xiao  J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 315 (2016).
DOI: 10.1039/c5tc03463a PDF

 

 

 

 

Structure and Formation Mechanism of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles
M. Tian, M. Mahjouri-Samani, G. Eres, R. Sachan, M. Yoon, M. F Chisholm, K. Wang, A. A Puretzky, C. M Rouleau, D. B Geohegan, G. Duscher, ACS Nano 9, 10482 (2015).DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04712 PDF Suppl.Info.

 

 

 

 

Phase Determination of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles
M. Tian, M. Mahjouri-Samani, G. Eres, R. Sachan, M. F Chisholm, K. Wang, A. A Puretzky, C.M Rouleau, M.Yoon, D. B Geohegan, G. Duscher, Microscopy and Microanalysis 21 (S3), 815 (2015). DOI: 10.1017/S1431927615004870 PDF

 

 

 

Patterned arrays of lateral heterojunctions within monolayer two-dimensional semiconductors
Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Ming-Wei Lin, Kai Wang, Andrew R Lupini, Jaekwang Lee, Leonardo Basile, Abdelaziz Boulesbaa, Christopher M Rouleau, Alexander A Puretzky, Ilia N Ivanov, Kai Xiao, Mina Yoon, David B Geohegan  Nature Comm. 6:7749 (2015)..DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8749. PDF Suppl.Info. (Highlight Word PPTX) (Graphic) (Press Release)

 

 

Van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of Two-Dimensional Single-Crystalline GaSe Domains on Graphene 
Xufan Li, Leonardo Basile, Bing Huang, Cheng Ma, Jaekwang Lee, Ivan V. Vlassiouk,  Alexander A. Puretzky, Ming-Wei Lin, Mina Yoon, Miaofang Chi, Juan C. Idrobo, Christopher M. Rouleau, Bobby G. Sumpter, David B. Geohegan, and Kai Xiao, ACS Nano, 9(8) 8078 (2015).DOI:  10.1021/acsnano.5b01943 PDF Suppl.Info.

 

 

Correlating high power conversion efficiency of PTB7: PC71BM inverted organic solar cells with nanoscale structures  Sanjib Das, Jong K Keum, James F Browning, Gong Gu, Bin Yang, Ondrej Dyck, Changwoo Do, Wei Chen, Jihua Chen, Ilia N Ivanov, Kunlun Hong, Adam J Rondinone, Pooran C Joshi, David B Geohegan, Gerd Duscher, Kai Xiao  Nanoscale, 7(38) 15576 (2015)..  DOI: 10.1039/C5NR03332B PDF Supp.Info. Cover

 

 

Perovskite Solar Cells with Near 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency Based on Large Single Crystalline Grains and Vertical Bulk Heterojunctions
Bin Yang, Ondrej Dyck, Jonathan Poplawsky, Jong Keum, Alexander Puretzky, Sanjib Das, Ilia Ivanov, Christopher Rouleau, Gerd Duscher, David Geohegan, and Kai Xiao  J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 9210 (2015).  DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03144. PDF Suppl. Info.

 

 

High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing
Das Sanjib, Bin Yang, Gong Gu, Pooran C Joshi, Ilia N Ivanov, Christopher M Rouleau, Tolga Aytug, David B Geohegan, Kai Xiao  Web. ACS Photonics 2(6), pp 680–686 (2015). DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00119 Suppl. Info.

 

 

Low-Frequency Raman Fingerprints of Two-Dimensional Metal Dichalcogenide Layer Stacking Configurations
A. A. Puretzky, L. Liang, X. Li, K. Xiao, K. Wang, M. Mahjouri-Samani, L. Basile, J. C. Idrobo, B. G. Sumpter, V. Meunier, and D. B. Geohegan  ACS Nano 9(6) 6333 (2015)..  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01884 PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

Low-frequency Interlayer Breathing Modes in Few-layer Black Phosphorus
Xi Ling, Liangbo Liang, Shengxi Huang, Alexander A Puretzky, David B Geohegan, Bobby G Sumpter, Jing Kong, Vincent Meunier, Mildred S Dresselhaus  Nano Letters 15 (6), pp 4080–4088 (2015).  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01117 PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

Revealing the preferred interlayer orientations and stackings of two-dimensional bilayer gallium selenide crystals   X. Li, L. A. Basile, M. Yoon, C. Ma, A. Puretzky, J. Lee, J. Idrobo, M. Chi, C. Rouleau, D. B. Geohegan, and K. Xiao,  Angew. Chemie International Edition, 54(9) 2712 (2015). DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409743  PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

Equally Efficient Interlayer Exciton Relaxation and Improved Absorption in Epitaxial and Nonepitaxial MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures
Yifei Yu, Shi Hu, Liqin Su, Lujun Huang, Yi Liu, Zhenghe Jin, Alexander A Purezky, David B Geohegan, Ki Wook Kim, Yong Zhang, Linyou Cao  Nano Letters 15(1) 484 (2014).  DOI:  10.1021/nl5038177  PDF Supp.Info.

 

 

Slowing of femtosecond laser-generated nanoparticles in a background gas  C. M. Rouleau, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan, Applied Physics Letters, 105(21), 213108 (2014).  DOI: 10.1063/1.4902878 PDF

 

 

Digital Transfer Growth of Patterned 2D Metal Chalcogenides by Confined Nanoparticle Evaporation  Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Mengkun Tian, Kai Wang, Abdelaziz Boulesbaa, Christopher M. Rouleau, Alexander A. Puretzky, Michael A. McGuire, Bernadeta R. Srijanto, Kai Xiao, Gyula Eres, Gerd Duscher, and David B. Geohegan ACS Nano 8(11) 11567 (2014).  DOI: 10.1021/nn5048124   (Highlight) PDF Suppl.Info.

 

Understanding How Processing Additives Tune the Nanoscale Morphology of High Efficiency Organic Photovoltaic Blends: From Casting Solution to Spun-Cast Thin Film
M. Shao, J. K. Keum, R. Kumar, J. Chen, J. F. Browning, S. Das, W. Chen, J. Hou, C. Do and K. C. Littrell
Advanced Functional Materials (2014). DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201401547 (Highlight)


The isotopic effects of deuteration on optoelectronic properties of conducting polymers
Ming Shao, Jong Keum, Jihua Chen, Youjun He, Wei Chen, James F. Brownin2, Jacek Jakowski, Bobby G. Sumpter, Ilia N. Ivanov, Ying-Zhong Ma, Christopher M. Rouleau, Sean C. Smith, David B. Geohegan, Kunlun Hong & Kai Xiao
Nature Communications
5:4180 (2014). DOI:10.1038/ncomms4180 PDF

Revealing the surface and bulk regimes of isothermal graphene nucleation and growth on Ni with in situ kinetic measurements and modeling
A. A. Puretzky, I. A. Merkulov, C.M. Rouleau, G. Eres and D. B. Geohegan
Carbon 79, 256 (2014). DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.07.066 PDF

Pulsed Laser Deposition of Photoresponsive Two-Dimensional GaSe Nanosheet Networks
Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Ryan Gresback, Mengkun Tian, Kai Wang, Alex A. Puretzky, Christopher M. Rouleau, Gyula Eres, Ilia N. Ivanov, Kai Xiao and Michael A. McGuire, Gerd Duscher,
and David B. Geohegan DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201401440
Advanced Functional Materials (2014).(Highlight) PDF

Cooperative Island Growth of Large Area Single-Crystal Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition on Cu
Gyula Eres, Murari Regmi, Christopher M. Rouleau, Jihua Chen, Ilia N. Ivanov, Alexander A. Puretzky, and David B. Geohegan DOI: 10.1021/nn500209d
ACS Nano 8(6), 5657 (2014).PDF Supplemental Info

Controlled Vapor Phase Growth of Single Crystalline, Two-Dimensional GaSe Crystals with High Photoresponse
Xufan Li, Ming-Wei Lin, Alexander A. Puretzky, Juan C. Idrobo, Cheng Ma, Miaofang Chi, Mina Yoon, Christopher M. Rouleau, Ivan I. Kravchenko, David B. Geohegan, and Kai Xiao
DOI:10.1038/srep05497
Scientific Reports 4, 5497 (2014). PDF

 

Exploring growth kinetics of carbon nanotube arrays by in situ optical diagnostics and modeling
A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, S. Pannala, C. M. Rouleau
DOI:  10.1117/12.2045949
SPIE LASE 8969, 896907 (2014). PDF

Catalytic nanoparticles for carbon nanotube growth synthesized by through thin film femtosecond laser ablation
C. M. Rouleau, M. Tian, A. A. Puretzky, M. Mahjouri-Samani, G. Duscher, D. B. Geohegan
DOI:  10.1117/12.2045951
SPIE LASE  8969, 896907 (2014). PDF

Uniform, Homogenous Coatings of Carbon Nanohorns on Arbitrary Substrates from Common Solvents
Landon Oakes, Andrew Westover, Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Shahana Chatterjee, Alex Puretzky, Christopher M Rouleau, David B Geohegan, Cary L Pint
DOI: 10.1021/am404118z
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5, 13153−13160  (2013). PDF

Laser Interactions for the Synthesis and In Situ Diagnostics of Nanomaterials
David B Geohegan, Alex A Puretzky, Mina Yoon, Gyula Eres, Chris Rouleau, Kai Xiao, Jeremy Jackson, Jason Readle, Murari Regmi, Norbert Thonnard, Gerd Duscher, Matt Chisholm, Karren More
Ch. 7 in Lasers in Materials Science, pp: 143-173. Springer Series in Materials Science 191, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland 2014.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02898-9_7
PDF

Nanoparticle Generation and Transport Resulting from Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Ultrathin Metal Films: Time Resolved Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
C. M. Rouleau, C.-Y. Shih, C. Wu, L. V. Zhigilei, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan
Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 193106 (2014). PDF

fs ttfa graphic
Luminescent systems based on the isolation of conjugated PI systems and edge charge compensation with polar molecules on a charged nanostructured surface
Ilia N. Ivanov, Alexander A. Puretzky, Bin Zhao, David B. Geohegan, David J. Styers-Barnett, Hui Hu
United States Patent No. No. 8,778,226 B2 Jul. 15, 2014 PDF
Carbon Nanotube Temperature and Pressure Sensors
Ilia N. Ivanov and David B. Geohegan
United States Patent No. 8,568,027 Oct. 29, 2013 PDF
Transparent Conductive Nano-Composites
David B. Geohegan, Ilia N. Ivanov, Alex A. Puretzky, Stephen Jesse, Bin Hu, Matthew Garrett, Bin Zhao
United States Patent No. 8,540,542 Sep. 24, 2013 PDF
Fluorination of "brick and mortar" soft templated graphitic ordered mesoporous carbons for high power lithium-ion battery
Pasquale F. Fulvio, Gabriel M. Veith, Jamie L. Adcock, Suree S. Brown, Richard T. Mayes, Xiqing Wang, Shannon M. Mahurin, Bingkun Guo, Xiao-Guang Sun, Alex A. Puretzky, Christopher M. Rouleau, David B. Geohegan, and Sheng Dai
J. Mater. Chem. A,1, 9414-9417 (2013).
DOI: 10.1039/C3TC10710H PDF

 

Nature of the band gap and origin of the electro-/photo-activity of Co3O4
Liang Qiao, Haiyan Xiao, Harry Meyer, Jianing Sun, Christopher M Rouleau, Alex Puretzky, David Geohegan, Ilia N Ivanov, Mina Yoon, William J Weber, Mike Biegalski
J. Mater. Chem. C,1, 4628-4633 (2013).
DOI: 10.1039/C3TC30861H PDF

 

Efficient Interlayer Relaxation and Transition of Excitons in Epitaxial and Non-epitaxial MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures
Y. Yu, S. Hu, L. Su, L. Huang, Y. Liu, Z. Jin, A. A. Purezky, D. B. Geohegan, K. W. Kim and Y. Zhang
arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.6181 (2014).


Real-time optical diagnostics of graphene growth induced by pulsed chemical vapor deposition
Alex Puretzky, David Geohegan, Sreekanth Pannala, Christopher M Rouleau, Murari Regmi, Norbert Thonnard, Gyula Eres
Nanoscale 5 (14), 6507, (2013). PDF

 

 

High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Dielectric and Active Layers Printed Sequentially by Ultrasonic Spraying
Ming Shao, Sanjib Das, Kai Xiao, Jihua Chen, Jong K. Keum, Ilia N. Ivanov, Gong Gu, William Durant, Dawen Li, David B. Geohegan
J. Mater. Chem. C, 1, 4384 (2013). PDF (Supplemental Info)

 

 

Effect of purity on the electro-optical properties of single wall nanotube-based transparent conductive electrodes
Matthew Garrett, Ilia N Ivanov, David Geohegan, Bin Hu
Carbon 64, 1-5, (2013). PDF

 

 

Excimer laser reduction and patterning of graphite oxide
DA Sokolov, CM Rouleau, DB Geohegan, TM Orlando
Carbon 53, 81 (2013). PDF

 

 

How the shape of catalyst nanoparticles determines their crystallographic orientation during carbon nanofiber growth
Igor A Merkulov, Mina Yoon, David B Geohegan
Carbon 60, 41 (2013).PDF


 

 

Highly Responsive Ultrathin GaS Nanosheet Photodetectors on Rigid and Flexible Substrates
PingAn Hu, Lifeng Wang, Mina Yoon, Jia Zhang, Wei Feng, Xiaona Wang, Zhenzhong Wen, Juan Carlos Idrobo, Yoshiyuki Miyamoto, David B Geohegan, Kai Xiao
Nano Letters 13 (4), 1649-1654 5( 2013). PDF supplemental info

 

 

Surface-Induced Orientation Control of CuPc Molecules for the Epitaxial Growth of Highly Ordered Organic Crystals on Graphene
Kai Xiao, Wan Deng, Jong K Keum, Mina Yoon, Ivan V Vlassiouk, Kendal W Clark, An-Ping Li, Ivan I Kravchenko, Gong Gu, Edward A Payzant, Bobby G Sumpter, Sean C Smith, James F Browning, David B Geohegan
Journal of the American Chemical Society 135 (9), 3680-3687 2 ( 2013). PDF

 

 

A water-soluble polythiophene for organic field-effect transistors
Ming Shao, Youjun He, Kunlun Hong, Christopher M Rouleau, David B Geohegan, Kai Xiao
Polymer Chemistry 4, 5270 (2013)
DOI: 10.1039/C2PY21020G.

 

 

High-temperature transformation of Fe-decorated single-wall carbon nanohorns to nanooysters: a combined experimental and theoretical study
KRS Chandrakumar, Jason D Readle, Chris Rouleau, Alex Puretzky, David B Geohegan, Karren More, Veena Krishnan, Mengkun Tian, Gerd Duscher, Bobby Sumpter, Stephan Irle, Keiji Morokuma
Nanoscale 5 (5), 1849-1857 (2013). PDF

 

 

 

Understanding the Metal-Directed Growth of Single-Crystal M-TCNQF4 Organic Nanowires with Time-Resolved in situ X-Ray Diffraction and First-Principles Theoretical Studies
Kai Xiao, Mina Yoon, Adam J Rondinone, Edward A Payzant, David B Geohegan
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (35) , 14353 (2012).
PDF

 

 

 

Metal-Assisted Hydrogen Storage on Pt-Decorated Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns
Yun Liu, Craig M. Brown, Dan A. Neumann, David B. Geohegan, Alexander A. Puretzky, Christopher M. Rouleau, Hui Hu, David Styers-Barnett, Pavel O. Krasnov, and Boris I. Yakobson
Carbon 50, 4953 (2012).
PDF

 

 

Luminescent Systems with Charge Compensation and Method of Making
Ilia Ivanov, Alexander Puretzky, Bin Zhao, David Geohegan, David Styers-Barnett, Hui Hu
WO Patent 2,012,044,746, 2012
PDF
Lum patent fig
Incremental Growth of Short SWNT Arrays by Pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposition
Alexander A. Puretzky, David B. Geohegan, Jeremy J. Jackso‡, Sreekanth Pannala, Gyula Eres, Christopher M. Rouleau, Karren L. More, Norbert Thonnard, and Jason D. Readle
Small (2012).
DOI:201102173 PDF

 

Flux-Dependent Growth Kinetics and Diameter Selectivity in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Arrays
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, J. J. Jackson, C. M. Rouleau, G. Eres, and K. L. More,
ACS Nano 5, 8311 (2011).
PDF

 

 

PS-b-P3HT Copolymers as P3HT/PCBM Interfacial Compatibilizers for High Efficiency Photovoltaics
Z. Z. Sun, K. Xiao, J. K. Keum, X. Yu, K. L. Hong, J. Browning, I. N. Ivanov, J. H. Chen, J. Alonzo, D. W. Li, B. G. Sumpter, E. A. Payzant, C. M. Rouleau, and D. B. Geohegan
Advanced Materials 23, 5529 (2011). PDF

 

 

High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors Based on Polystyrene-b-Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Diblock Copolymers
X. Yu, K. Xiao, J. H. Chen, N. V. Lavrik, K. L. Hong, B. G. Sumpter, and D. B. Geohegan
ACS Nano 5, 3559 (2011).PDF

 

 

Antioxidant Deactivation on Graphenic Nanocarbon Surfaces
X. Y. Liu, S. Sen, J. Y. Liu, I. Kulaots, D. Geohegan, A. Kane, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, K. L. More, G. T. R. Palmore, and R. H. Hurt
Small 7, 2775 (2011). PDF

 

 

 

Characterization and Carbonization of Highly Oriented Poly(diiododiacetylene) Nanofibers
L. Luo, C. Wilhelm, C. N. Young, C. P. Grey, G. P. Halada, K. Xiao, I. N. Ivanov, J. Y. Howe, D. B. Geohegan, and N. S. Goroff
Macromolecules 44, 2626 (2011).

 

 

 

Narrow and Intense Resonances in the Low-Frequency Region of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, C. M. Rouleau
Physical Review B 82(24), 5402 (2011). PDF

 

 

 

Single Walled Carbon Nanohorns as Photothermal Cancer Agents
J. R. Whitney, S. Sarkar, J. F. Zhang, D. Thao,  T. Young, M. K. Manson, T. A. Campbell, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, K. L. More, K. L., D. B. Geohegan, C. G. Rylander, H. C. Dorn, and M. N. Rylander,
Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 43(1), 43 (2011).

 

 

Nanoparticles have significant potential as selective photo-absorbing agents for laser based cancer treatment. This study investigates the use of single walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) as thermal enhancers when excited by near infrared (NIR) light for tumor cell destruction.
The significant increases in absorption, temperature elevation, and cell death with inclusion of SWNHs in laser therapy demonstrate the potential of their use as agents for enhancing photothermal tumor destruction. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:43-51, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

 

Vibrational Spectrum of the Endohedral Y2C2@C92 Fullerene by Raman Spectroscopy: Evidence for Tunneling of the Diatomic C(2) Molecule
B. G. Burke, J. Chan, K. A. Williams, T. Fuhrer, W. J. Fu, H. C. Dorn,  A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan, Physical Review B 83(11), 5457 (2011).

 

 

The structure and vibrational spectrum of the novel endohedral fullerene Y(2)C(2)@C(92) was studied by Raman spectroscopy, with particular emphasis on the rotational transitions of the diatomic C(2) unit in the low-energy Raman spectrum. We report evidence for tunneling of this unit through the C(2) rotation plane and observe anomalous narrowing in a hindered rotational mode. We also report complementary density functional theory calculations that support our conclusions and discuss potential applications to quantum computing and nonvolatile memory devices.

 

 

Assembly of Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorn Supported Liposome Particles
W. Huang, J. F. Zhang, H. C. Dorn, D. Geohegan, and C. M. Zhang
Bioconjugate Chem 22, 1012 (2011).

 

 

Nanoparticle-supported liposomes can be a promising platform for drug delivery, vaccine development, and biomedical imaging. Single walled carbon nanohorns are a relatively new carbon nanomaterial, and they could be used as carriers of drug and imaging reagents. Assembling lipids around carbon nanohorns would confer this nanomaterial much broader applications such as vaccine development and targeted drug delivery by embedding a target protein or immunogenic protein into the lipid bilayer structure. Here, we show the assembly of functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorns (-CH(2)-CH(2)-COOH(x), similar to 100 nm) with positively charged lipids through a freeze and thaw cycle. The assembled complex particles can be readily separated from individual nanohorns or liposomes under specific centrifugation conditions. The results from transmission electronic microscopy, flow cytometry through nitrobenzoxadiazole labeled lipids, and zeta potential analysis clearly show that the nanohorns are encapsulated by liposomes with a median size of ca. 120 nm.

 

 

In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns with Encapsulated Metallofullerenes and Exohedrally Functionalized Quantum Dots
J. F. Zhang, J. C. Ge, M. D. Shultz, E. N. Chung, G. Singh, C. Y. Shu, P. P. Fatouros, S. C. Henderson, F. D. Corwin, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, K. More, C. Rylander, M. N. Rylander, H. W. Gibson, and H. C. Dorn
Nano Letters 10, 2843-2848 (2010).

 

 

Single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) are new carbonaceous materials. In this paper, we report the first successful preparation of SWNHs encapsulating trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerenes (TNT-EMFs). The resultant materials were functionalized by a high-speed vibration milling method and conjugated with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). The successful encapsulation of TNT-EMFs and external functionalization with QDs provide a dual diagnostic platform for in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications of these new carbonaceous materials.

 

A Facile High-speed Vibration Milling Method to Water-disperse Single-walled Carbon Nanohorns
C. Y. Shu, J. F. Zhang, J. C. Ge, J. H. Sim, B. G. Burke, K. A. Williams, W. M. Rylander, T. Campbell, A. Puretzky, C. Rouleau, D. B. Geohegan, K. More, A. R. Esker, H. W. Gibson, and H. C. Dorn
Chemistry of Materials 22, 347-351 (2010). PDF

A high-speed vibration milling (HSVM) method was applied to synthesize water dispersible single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs). Highly reactive free radicals (HOOCCH(2)CH(2)center dot) produced from an acyl peroxide under HSVM conditions react with hydrophobic SWNHs to produce a highly water dispersible derivative (f-SWNHs), which has been characterized in detail by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques together with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The carboxylic acid functionalized, water-dispersible SWNHs material are versatile precursors that have potential applications in the biomedical area.

The importance of chain connectivity in the formation of non-covalent interactions between polymers and single-walled carbon nanotubes and its impact on dispersion
D. Linton, P. Driva, B. Sumpter, I. Ivanov, D. Geohegan, C. Feigerle, and M. D. Dadmun
Soft Matter 6, 2801 (2010).

In this study we investigate the formation of non-covalent electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions between polymers and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with the goal of optimizing interfacial adhesion and homogeneity of nanocomposites without modifying the SWNT native surface. Nanocomposites of SWNTs and three sets of polymer matrices with varying composition of electron donating 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) or electron accepting acrylonitrile (AN) and cyanostyrene (CNSt) were prepared, quantitatively characterized by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy (Raman mapping, Raman D* peak shifts) and qualitatively compared through thick film composite visualization. The experimental data show that copolymers with 30 mol% DMAEMA, 45 mol% AN, 23 mol% CNSt and polyacrylonitrile homopolymer have the highest extent of intermolecular interaction, which translates to an optimum SWNT spatial dispersion among the series. These results are found to correlate very well with the intermolecular interaction energies obtained from quantum density functional theory calculations. Both experimental and computational results also illustrate that chain connectivity is critical in controlling the accessibility of the functional groups to form intermolecular interactions. This means that an adequate distance between interacting functional groups on a polymer chain is needed in order to allow efficient intermolecular contact. Thus, controlling the amount of electron donating or withdrawing moieties throughout the polymer chain will direct the extent of EDA interaction, which enables tuning the SWNT dispersion.

Pulsed Growth of Vertically Aligned Nanotube Arrays with Variable Density
J. J. Jackson, A. A. Puretzky, K. L. More, C. M. Rouleau, G. Eres, and D. B. Geohegan
ACS Nano 4, 7573 (2010). PDF

 

 

Separation of Junction and Bundle Resistance in Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Percolation Networks by Impedance Spectroscopy
M. P. Garrett, I. N. Ivanov, R. A. Gerhardt, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan
Applied Physics Letters 97(16), 3105 (2010).

Single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks of different loadings were measured by impedance spectroscopy. The resistances of the junctions and bundles have been separated by modeling ac impedance spectroscopy data to an equivalent circuit of two parallel resistance-capacitance elements in series. The junction resistance was found to be 3-3.5 times higher than the bundle resistance. The dc and ac properties of the SWNT networks were found to obey a percolation scaling law, with parameters determined by dispersant type and SWNT purity. The values of the critical exponent in all cases were higher than the expected value of 1.3, which is related to widely distributed bundle and junction conductivities. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3490650]

Raman Study of Fano Interference in P-Type Doped Silicon
B. G. Burke, J. Chan, K. A. Williams, Z. L. Wu,  A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 41(12), 1759 (2010).

As the silicon industry continues to push the limits of device dimensions, tools such as Raman spectroscopy are ideal to analyze and characterize the doped silicon channels. The effect of inter-valence band transitions on the zone center optical phonon in heavily p-type doped silicon is studied by Raman spectroscopy for a wide range of excitation wavelengths extending from the red (632.8 nm) into the ultra-violet (325 nm). The asymmetry in the one-phonon Raman lineshape is attributed to a Fano interference involving the overlap of a continuum of electronic excitations with a discrete phonon state. We identify a transition above and below the one-dimensional critical point (E(r1) = 3.4 eV) in the electronic excitation spectrum of silicon. The relationship between the anisotropic silicon band structure and the penetration depth is discussed in the context of possible device applications. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Investigation of Gd3N@C(2n) (40 < n < 44) family by Raman and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
B. G. Burke, J. Chan, K. A. Williams, J. C. Ge, C. Y. Shu, W. J. Fu, H. C. Dorn, J. G. Kushmerick, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan
Physical Review B 81, 115423 (2010).

The structure and vibrational spectrum of Gd(3)N@C(80) is studied through Raman and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy as well as density-functional theory and universal force field calculations. Hindered rotations, shown by both theory and experiment, indicate the formation of a Gd(3)N-C(80) bond which reduces the ideal icosahedral symmetry of the C(80) cage. The vibrational modes involving the movement of the encapsulated species are a fingerprint of the interaction between the fullerene cage and the core complex. We present Raman data for the Gd(3)N@C(2n) (40 < n < 44) family as well as Y(3)N@C(80), Lu(3)N@C(80), and Y(3)N@C(88) for comparison. Conductance measurements have been performed on Gd(3)N@C(80) and reveal a Kondo effect similar to that observed in C(60).

Growth, Patterning, and One-Dimensional Electron -Transport Properties of Self-Assembled Ag-TCNQF(4) Organic Nanowires
K. Xiao, A. J. Rondinone, A. A. Puretzky, I. N. Ivanov, S. T. Retterer, and D. B. Geohegan,
Chemistry of Materials 21, 4275 (2009).

Controllable synthesis approaches for organic nanowires that permit the in situ fabrication of devices will enable future applications in nano-electronics and nano-optoelectronics. Here, the first synthesis of single-crystal silver-tetrafluorotetracyano-p-quinodimethane (Ag-TCNQF(4)) nanowires is reported. Ag-TCNQF(4) is it good charge-transfer complex and nanowires of this organic semiconductor material were deterministically synthesized in a facile vapor-solid process on selected regions through the reaction of TCNQF(4) vapor with patterned silver. Use of a growth barrier is shown to control the growth of Ag-TCNQF(4) nanowires to horizontal alignment, permitting the reproducible in situ growth of single Ag-TCNQF(4) nanowire devices and device arrays between prefabricated electrodes. The single-crystal nanowires are predominantly monoclinic in structure with efficient pi-stacking of the TCNQF(4) units, leading to a high conductivity along the nanowire. However, the electron-withdrawing fluorine groups on the pi-delocalized ring in the TCNQF(4) results in a distinctly different structure compared to that previously reported for Ag-TCNQ nanowires. The temperature- and bias-voltage-dependent electrical transport properties of in situ fabricated Ag-TCNQF(4) organic nanowire devices were investigated and exhibit a power-law behavior characteristic of one-dimensional systems.

Metastable Copper-Phthalocyanine Single-Crystal Nanowires and Their Use in Fabricating High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors
K. Xiao, R. J. Li, J. Tao, E. A. Payzant, I. N. Ivanov, A. A. Puretzky, W. P. Hu, and D. B. Geohegan
Advanced Functional Materials 19, 3776 (2009).

This paper describes a simple, vapor-phase route for the synthesis of metastable alpha-phase copper (sic)thalocyanine (CuPc) single-crystal nanowires through control of the growth temperature. The influence of the growth temperature on the crystal structures, morphology, and size of the CuPc nanostructures is explored using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). alpha-CuPc nanowires are successfully incorporated as active semiconductors in field-effect transistors (FETs). Single nanowire devices exhibit carrier mobilities and current on/off ratios as high as 0.4 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and >10(4), respectively.

Model for Self-Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes from Acetylene Based on Real-Time Studies of Vertically Aligned Growth Kinetics
G. Eres, C. M. Rouleau, M. Yoon, A. A. Puretzky, J. J. Jackson, and D. B. Geohegan,
J Phys Chem C 113, 15484 (2009).

Time-resolved optical reflectivity was used to study the kinetics in the early stages of vertically aligned carbon nanotube array growth from a molecular beam of acetylene. The molecular beam environment was used to suppress gas phase reaction pathways and limit the growth to surface reactions specific to the molecular structure of acetylene. The observed acetylene flux dependent induction delay and the threshold for vertically aligned growth are characteristic features of heterogeneous chain reactions. Propagation of chain reactions requires regeneration of the active sites that can occur only if catalytic activity is transferred from the metal catalyst film to surface carbon species. After the active site transformation, acetylene self-assembles into carbon structures of progressively increasing size such as chains, graphene fragments, and nanotubes. In this paper we show that a conceptual framework supported by ab initio density functional theory calculations in which active carbon species facilitate incorporation of new carbon readily explains recent results in vertically aligned nanotube growth that are puzzling in the context of the diffusion/precipitation model.

Selective Patterned Growth of Single-Crystal Organic Nanowires of Ag-TCNQ by Vapor Solid Reaction
K. Xiao, J. Tao, A. A. Puretzky, I. N. Ivanov, S. T. Retterer, S. J. Pennycook, and D. B. Geohegan, Advanced Functional Materials 18(19) 3043-3048 (2008).

PDF (572 kB)

[Additional Supporting Information 1.6 Mb]

 

 

A New Method for Microwave Characterization of Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Chunrong Song, Zuqin Liu, Gyula Eres, David B. Geohegan, Pingshan Wang
Nanotechnology, 2008. NANO '08. 8th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, vol., no., pp.228,229, 18-21 Aug. 2008, Arlington, Texas, DOI:10.1109/NANO.2008.74

PDF

 

 

 

 

Pulsed Laser CVD Investigations for Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Growth Dynamics
Z. Liu, D. J. Styers-Barnett, A. A. Puretzsky, C. M. Rouleau, D. Yuan, I. N. Ivanov, K. Xiao, J. Liu, and D. B. Geohegan, Appl. Phys. A 93(4) 987-993 (2008). Download PDF file (1.1 Mb)

 

 

 

 

 

Altering the catalytic activity of thin metal catalyst films for controlled growth of chemical vapor-deposited vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays
C. M. Rouleau, G. Eres, H. Cui, H. M. Christen, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, Appl. Phys. A, 93(4) 1005-1009 (2008). Download PDF file (1.3 Mb)

 

 

 

 

Calcium as the superior coating metal in functionalization of carbon fullerenes for high-capacity hydrogen storage
M. Yoon, S. Y. Yang, C. Hicke, E. Wang, D. Geohegan, and Z. Y. Zhang,
Physical Review Letters 100, 206806 (2008). Download PDF file (816 kb)

 

 

 

 

 
 

Calcium as the superior coating metal in functionalization of carbon fullerenes for high-capacity hydrogen storage
M. Yoon, S. Y. Yang, C. Hicke, E. Wang, D. Geohegan, and Z. Y. Zhang,
Physical Review Letters 100, 206806 (2008). Download PDF file (816 kb)

 

We explore theoretically the feasibility of functionalizing carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage, focusing on the coating of C-60 fullerenes with light alkaline-earth metals. Our first-principles density functional theory studies show that both Ca and Sr can bind strongly to the C-60 surface, and highly prefer monolayer coating, thereby explaining existing experimental observations. The strong binding is attributed to an intriguing charge transfer mechanism involving the empty d levels of the metal elements. The charge redistribution, in turn, gives rise to electric fields surrounding the coated fullerenes, which can now function as ideal molecular hydrogen attractors. With a hydrogen uptake of > 8.4 wt % on Ca32C60, Ca is superior to all the recently suggested metal coating elements.

 

Real-time imaging of vertically aligned carbon nanotube array growth kinetics
A. A. Puretzky, G. Eres, C. M. Rouleau, I. N. Ivanov, and D. B. Geohegan,
Nanotechnology
19 (5) 055605 (2008).
Download PDF file (1.1 Mb)

In situ time-lapse photography and laser irradiation are applied to understand unusual coordinated growth kinetics of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays including pauses in growth, retraction, and local equilibration in length. A model is presented which explains the measured kinetics and determines the conditions for diffusion-limited growth. Laser irradiation of the growing nanotube arrays is first used to prove that the nanotubes grow from catalyst particles at their bases, and then increase their growth rate and terminal lengths.

 

Development of pulsed laser-assisted thermal relaxation technique for thermal characterization of microscale wires
J. Q. Guo, X. W. Wang, D. B. Geohegan, G. Eres, and C. Vincent,
Journal of Applied Physics
103, 113505 (2008).
Download PDF file (724 kb)

A transient technique is developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of one-dimensional microscale wires. In this technique, the thin wire is suspended over two copper electrodes. Upon fast (nanosecond) pulsed laser irradiation, the wire's temperature will quickly increase to a high level and then decrease gradually. Such temperature decay can be used to determine the sample's thermal diffusivity. To probe this temperature evolution, a dc is fed through the wire to sensor its voltage variation, from which the thermal diffusivity can be extracted. A 25.4 mu m thin Pt wire is characterized to verify this technique. Sound agreement is obtained between the measured data and reference value. Applying this pulsed laser-assisted thermal relaxation technique, the thermal diffusivity of multiwall carbon nanotube bundles and microscale carbon fibers is measured. Detailed analysis is conducted to study the effect of the wire embedded in the paste/base on the final measurement result. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

 

One-dimensional electron transport in Cu-tetracyanoquinodimethane organic nanowires
Z. X. Zhou, K. Xiao, R. Jin, D. Mandrus, J. Tao, D. B. Geohegan, and S. Pennycook, Applied Physics Letters 90 (19), - (2007). Download PDF file (384 kb)

The temperature and bias voltage dependent electrical transport properties of in situ fabricated Cu-tetracyanoquinodimethane organic nanowire devices are investigated. The low bias conductance and current exhibit a power-law dependence on temperature and bias voltage, respectively. The overall behavior of these nanowires can be well described by a theoretical model of nearly independent parallel chains of quantum dots created by randomly distributed defects. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

 

Single-crystal organic nanowires of copper-tetracyanoquinodimethane: Synthesis, patterning, characterization, and device applications
K. Xiao, J. Tao, Z. W. Pan, A. A. Puretzky, I. N. Ivanov, S. J. Pennycook, and D. B. Geohegan,
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition
46 (15), 2650-2654 (2007). Download PDF file (453 kb)

Communication. No abstract. Supporting Information PDF file (1.2 Mb)

Simple model of the interrelation between single- and multiwall carbon nanotube growth rates for the CVD process
R. F. Wood, S. Pannala, J. C. Wells, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan, Physical Review B 75 (23), - (2007).

Recent time-resolved measurements of carbon nanotube (CNT) growth on Fe and Fe/Mo catalysts have identified a maximum growth rate and temperature corresponding to the onset of small-diameter, single-wall CNT (SWNT) formation. A simple model described here emphasizes the essential role of the SWNTs in the growth process of CNTs. Remarkably, it shows that the growth rate (i.e., the time derivative of the length) of a multiwalled CNT is the same as that of a SWNT at the carbon flux and diffusion coefficient corresponding to a given temperature. Moreover, below similar to 700 degrees C, the temperature above which SWNT growth is observed for a 6 sccm (cubic centimeter per minute at STP) C2H2 flow rate, the number of walls as a function of temperature is uniquely determined by the interplay of the incident flux of atomic C and diffusion rates consistent with bulk diffusion. Even partial melting of the catalytic particle is unnecessary to explain the experimental results on growth rate and number of walls. Above 700 degrees C, where severe catalyst poisoning ordinarily begins, the growth rate without poisoning is consistent with recent results of Hata and co-workers [Science 306, 1362 (2004); Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 056104 (2005)] for "supergrowth".

 

Formation of single crystalline ZnO nanotubes without catalysts and templates
S. L. Mensah, V. K. Kayastha, I. N. Ivanov, D. B. Geohegan, and Y. K. Yap, Applied Physics Letters 90 (11), - (2007). Download PDF file (559 kb)

Oxide and nitride nanotubes have gained attention for their large surface areas, wide energy band gaps, and hydrophilic natures for various innovative applications. These nanotubes were either grown by templates or multistep processes with uncontrollable crystallinity. Here the authors show that single crystal ZnO nanotubes can be directly grown on planar substrates without using catalysts and templates. These results are guided by the theory of nucleation and the vapor-solid crystal growth mechanism, which is applicable for transforming other nanowires or nanorods into nanotubular structures. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

 

The effect of annealing on the electrical and thermal transport properties of macroscopic bundles of long multi-wall carbon nanotubes
R. Jin, Z. X. Zhou, D. Mandrus, I. N. Ivanov, G. Eres, J. Y. Howe, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan, Physica B-Condensed Matter 388 (1-2), 326-330 (2007).

Electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power were measured on macroscopic bundles of long multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the temperature range between 2 and 300 K. While the electrical resistivity shows relatively small variation, the thermal conductivity is significantly enhanced and thermoelectric power changes sign from positive to negative after the samples are annealed in Ar at 2800 degrees C. Although the latter can be attributed to the adsorbed oxygen on the CNTs that is reduced through the annealing process, our results suggest the studied properties, especially thermal conductivity, are sensitive to the sample crystallinity that can be significantly improved by high-temperature annealing as well. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

 

In situ time-resolved measurements of carbon nanotube and nanohorn growth
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, D. Styers-Barnett, H. Hu, B. Zhao, H. Cui, C. M. Rouleau, G. Eres, J. J. Jackson, R. F. Wood, S. Pannala, and J. C. Wells, Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics 244 (11), 3944-3949 (2007). Download PDF file (296 kb)

Growth mechanisms of carbon nanotubes are investigated and compared for both high- and low-temperature synthesis methods through experiments utilizing time-resolved, in situ imaging and spectroscopy. High-speed videography and pyrometry measured the timeframes for growth for single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNHs) and nanohorns (SWNHs) by laser vaporization (LV) at 1150 degrees C, revealing that C can self-assemble at high temperatures preferentially into SWNH structures without catalyst assistance at rates comparable to catalyst-assisted SWNH growth by either laser vaporization or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Laser interferometry and videography reveal the coordinated growth of vertically-aligned nanotube arrays (VANTAs) by CVD at 550-900 degrees C. (c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Formation studies and controlled production of carbon nanohorns using continuous in situ characterization techniques
M. D. Cheng, D. W. Lee, B. Zhao, H. Hu, D. J. Styers-Barnett, A. A. Puretzky, D. W. DePaoli, D. B. Geohegan, E. A. Ford, and P. Angelini, Nanotechnology 18 (18), 185604 (2007). Download PDF file (552 kb)

The formation of carbon nanohorns by laser ablation was investigated using a scanning differential mobility analyzer combined with an ultrafine condensation particle counter. The measurement technique provided time-resolved size distributions for the carbon nanoparticles every minute during the course of the production run. The instrument performance was reasonably stable most of the time; however, during laser ablation, shockwave oscillations leading to significant transient flow and pressure variations were shown to disrupt the DMAs ability to measure accurate distributions. On the basis of the general trend observed in the data taken during the laser-ablation experiments, we found that the geometric mean diameter of the produced population shifted to larger particle sizes with increases in pulse width. For a given laser peak power and repetition rate, carbon nanoparticles of mobility diameter close to 100 nm were produced in a large abundance using longer laser pulse lengths ( e. g., 10 ms) as compared to the shorter pulse lengths ( e. g., 1 ms). A quantitative assessment of the particle size dispersion ( using statistics like the geometric standard deviation) in relation to the laser pulse width could not be done with certainty as the shockwave disturbances produced by the laser-ablation process caused significant disruption to SMPS measurements. When laser ablation was not in operation, it was found that carbon nanoparticles with mobility diameters centred at about 20 nm could be produced by thermally desorbing the previously deposited carbon nanoparticles from the reactor wall at temperatures greater than 1300 K.

 

Directed integration of tetracyanoquinodimethane-Cu organic nanowires into prefabricated device architectures
K. Xiao, I. N. Ivanov, A. A. Puretzky, Z. Q. Liu, and D. B. Geohegan, Advanced Materials 18 (16), 2184 (2006). Download PDF file (376 kb)

Single-crystal nanowires of the organic semiconductor tetracyanoquinodi-methane-Cu (TCNQ-Cu) are directly integrated into prefabricated micro-electrode structures by growing the wires from an intermediate copper layer on the electrodes, as shown in the figure. This technique allows the nanowire growth to be integrated with device fabrication on a wide variety of substrates, eliminating the need for further assembly. The nanowire devices show bistable electrical switching behavior, which may be useful for high-density data storage.

 

Improving dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix using specific interactions
A. Rasheed, M. D. Dadmun, I. Ivanov, P. F. Britt, and D. B. Geohegan, Chemistry of Materials 18 (15), 3513-3522 (2006).

A novel approach is presented to improve the dispersion of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in a copolymer matrix by tuning hydrogen- bonding interactions to enhance dispersion. Nanocomposites of single- walled carbon nanotubes and copolymers of styrene and vinyl phenol (PSVPh) with varying vinyl phenol content were produced and examined. The dispersion of the SWNT in the polymer matrix is quantified by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is also used to investigate preferred interactions between the SWNTs and the copolymers via the shift in the D* Raman band of the SWNTs in the composites. All composites show regions of SWNT aggregates; however, the aggregate size varies with composition of the PSVPh copolymer and the amount of SWNT oxidation. Optimal dispersion of the SWNT is observed in PSVPh with 20% vinyl phenol and oxidized nanotubes, which correlates with spectroscopic evidence that indicates that this system also incorporates the most interactions between SWNT and polymer matrix. These results are in agreement with previous studies that indicate that optimizing the extent of specific interactions between a polymer matrix and nanoscale filler enables the efficient dispersion of the nanofillers.

 

In situ electric-field-induced contrast imaging of electronic transport pathways in nanotube-polymer composites
S. Jesse, M. A. Guillorn, I. N. Ivanov, A. A. Puretzky, J. Y. Howe, P. F. Britt, and D. B. Geohegan, Applied Physics Letters 89 (1), 013114 (2006). Download PDF file (220 kb)

An electric-field-induced contrast mechanism for scanning electron microscopy is reported which permits the visualization of embedded nanomaterials inside various matrices with high contrast and high definition. The high contrast is proposed to result from localized enhancement of secondary electron emission from the nanomaterials due to electric-field-induced changes in their work functions. By utilizing a stage that allows in situ current-voltage measurements inside a scanning electron microscope, single-walled carbon nanotubes embedded within polymethyl methacrylate films were visualized directly. In addition to the rapid assessment of nanotube dispersion within polymers, electric-field-induced contrast imaging enables the determination of percolation pathways. From the contrast in the images, the relative voltage at all points in the electron micrograph can be determined, providing a new mechanism to understand electronic percolation through nanoscale networks.

 

Fast and highly anisotropic thermal transport through vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays
I. Ivanov, A. Puretzky, G. Eres, H. Wang, Z. W. Pan, H. T. Cui, R. Y. Jin, J. Howe, and D. B. Geohegan
Applied Physics Letters 89 (22), 223110 (2006).
Download PDF file (280 kb)

This letter reports on fast and highly anisotropic thermal transport through millimeter-tall, vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VANTAs) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition on Si substrates. Thermal diffusivity measurements were performed for both longitudinal and transverse to the nanotube alignment direction, with longitudinal values as large as 2.1 +/- 0.2 cm(2)/s and anisotropy ratios as large as 72. Longitudinal thermal conductivities of 15.3 +/- 1.8 W/(m K) for porous 8 +/- 1 vol % VANTAs in air and 5.5 +/- 0.7 W/(m K) for epoxy-infiltrated VANTAs already exceed those of phase-changing thermal interface materials used in microelectronics. Data suggest that further improvements are possible through optimization of density and defects in the arrays.

 

Imperfect surface order and functionalization in vertical carbon nanotube arrays probed by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS)
T. Hemraj-Benny, S. Banerjee, S. Sambasivan, D. A. Fischer, G. Eres, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, D. H. Lowndes, J. A. Misewich, and S. S. Wong, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 8 (43), 5038-5044 (2006).

Probing surface order as well as the degree of structural modi. cation in carbon nanotube systems is of fundamental importance for incorporation of these materials into practical functional devices. The current study pertains to the analysis of the surface order of vertically-aligned single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays of varying length and composition by means of near-edge X-ray fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). Both NEXAFS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies concluded that the nanotubes in these samples were oriented vertically to the plane of the surface. However, NEXAFS polarization analysis provided a more quantitative and nuanced description of the surface structure, indicative of far less localized surface order, an observation partially attributed to misalignment and bending of the tubes. Moreover, it was demonstrated by NEXAFS that the surface order of the arrays was imperfect and relatively independent of the height of the nanotube arrays. In addition, we have shown that NEXAFS can be used to correlate the extent of chemical functionalization and oxygenation with disruption of the electronic and physical structure of nanotubes embedded in array motifs.

 

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy as a tool for investigating nanomaterials
T. Hemraj-Benny, S. Banerjee, S. Sambasivan, M. Balasubramanian, D. A. Fischer, G. Eres, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, D. H. Lowndes, W. Q. Han, J. A. Misewich, and S. S. Wong
Small 2 (1), 26-35 (2006).

We have demonstrated near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a particularly useful and effective technique for simultaneously probing the surface chemistry, surface molecular orientation, degree of order, and electronic structure of carbon nanotubes and related nanomaterials. Specifically, we employ NEXAFS in the study of single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotube powders, films, and arrays, as well as of boron nitride nanotubes. We have focused on the advantages of NEXAFS as an exciting, complementary tool to conventional microscopy and spectroscopy for providing chemical and structural information about nanoscale samples.

 

Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers
Z. H. Xu, Y. Wu, B. Hu, I. N. Ivanov, and D. B. Geohegan
Applied Physics Letters 87 (26), (2005).

This letter reports the experimental results of enhanced electroluminescence (EL) and photovoltaic (PV) response upon doping single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2(')-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene] (MEHPPV) based on single-layer light-emitting diodes. We found that the dispersed SWNTs result in two processes: charge transport and exciton dissociation at the tube-chain interface in the SWNT/polymer composites. The detailed EL and PV studies indicate that low SWNT doping concentrations mainly improve the bipolar charge injection, leading to enhanced both reverse and forward EL with reduced threshold voltage. As the SWNT doping concentration continues to increase, the interfacial exciton dissociation becomes dominated, giving rise to an increased PV response. This SWNT concentration-dependent charge transport and exciton dissociation present a pathway to individually address the dual EL and PV functionalities of SWNT-doped polymer composites by controlling the doping level of the SWNTs.

 

Low temperature growth of boron nitride nanotubes on substrates
J. S. Wang, V. K. Kayastha, Y. K. Yap, Z. Y. Fan, J. G. Lu, Z. W. Pan, I. N. Ivanov, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan
Nano Letters 5 (12), 2528-2532 (2005).

High growth temperatures (> 1100 degrees C), low production yield, and impurities have prevented research progress and applications of boron nitride nanotubes; (BNNTs) in the past 10 years. Here, we show that BNNTs can be grown on substrates at 600 degrees C. These BNNTs are constructed of high-order tubular structures and can be used without purification. Tunneling spectroscopy indicates that their band gap ranges from 4.4 to 4.9 eV.

 

In situ measurements and modeling of carbon nanotube array growth kinetics during chemical vapor deposition
A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, S. Jesse, I. N. Ivanov, and G. Eres,
Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing
81 (2), 223-240 (2005). PDF

Direct measurements of carbon nanotube growth kinetics are described based upon time-resolved reflectivity (TRR) of a HeNe laser beam from vertically aligned nanotube arrays (VANTAs) as they grow during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Growth rates and terminal lengths were measured in situ for VANTAs growing during CVD between 535 degrees C and 900 degrees C on Si substrates with evaporated Al/Fe/Mo multi-layered catalysts and acetylene feedstock at different feedstock partial pressures. Methods of analysis of the TRR signals are presented to interpret catalyst particle formation and oxidation, as well as the porosity of the VANTAs. A rate-equation model is developed to describe the measured kinetics in terms of activation energies and rate constants for surface carbon formation and diffusion on the catalyst nanoparticle, nanotube growth, and catalyst over-coating. Taken together with the TRR data, this model enables basic understanding and optimization of growth conditions for any catalyst/feedstock combination. The model lends insight into the main processes responsible for the growth of VANTAs, the measured number of walls in the nanotubes at different temperatures, conditions for growth of single-wall carbon nanotube arrays, and likely catalyst poisoning mechanisms responsible for the sharp decline in growth rates observed at high temperatures.

 

Structural control of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes by radio-frequency plasmas
J. Menda, B. Ulmen, L. K. Vanga, V. K. Kayastha, Y. K. Yap, Z. W. Pan, I. N. Ivanov, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan,
Applied Physics Letters
87 (17), - (2005).

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is the only technique for growing individual vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) at desired locations. Inferior graphitic order has been a long-standing issue that has prevented realistic applications of these VA-MWCNTs. Previously, these VA-MWCNTs were grown by a one-plasma approach. Here, we demonstrate the capability of controlling graphitic order and diameters of VA-MWCNTs by decoupling the functions of the conventional single plasma into a dual-plasma configuration. Our results indicate that the ionic flux and kinetic energy of the growth species are important for improving graphitic order of VA-MWCMTs.

 

Reorientation of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix composites using compressive loading
M. J. Lance, C. H. Hsueh, I. N. Ivanov, and D. B. Geohegan,
Journal of Materials Research
20 (4), 1026-1032 (2005).

Purified single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) were dispersed in an epoxy polymer and subjected to uniaxial compressive loading. The orientation and stress in the nanotubes were monitored in situ using polarized Raman microscopy. At strains less than 2%, the nanotubes reorient normal to the direction of compression, thereby minimizing the local strain energy. Above 2% strain, the Raman peak shift reaches a plateau. A new analytical model, which approximates the SWNT reorientation by varying the aspect ratio of a representative spheroid, predicted the rotation behavior of nanotubes under load. The results of this model suggest that the observed plateau of the Raman peak shift is caused by both polymer yielding and interfacial debonding at the ends of nanotubes.

 

High-density vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes with tubular structures
V. K. Kayastha, Y. K. Yap, Z. Pan, I. N. Ivanov, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan,
Applied Physics Letters 86 (25), - (2005).

Ammonia (NH3) gas was thought to be essential for the growth of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) and led to the formation of bamboo-like structures. Here, we show that VA-MWCNTs with ideal tubular structures can be grown on substrates by various mixed gases with or without NH3 gas. The growth of these VA-MWCNTs is guided by a growth model that combined the dissociative adsorption of acetylene molecules (C2H2) and the successive vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism. Results indicate that the key factor for growing these VA-MWCNTs is a balance between the decomposition rate of the C2H2 molecules on the iron catalyst and the subsequent diffusion and segregation rates of carbon.

 

Electronic transport imaging in a multiwire SnO2 chemical field-effect transistor device
S. V. Kalinin, J. Shin, S. Jesse, D. Geohegan, A. P. Baddorf, Y. Lilach, M. Moskovits, and A. Kolmakov,
Journal of Applied Physics
98 (4), - (2005).

The electronic transport and the sensing performance of an individual SnO2 crossed-nanowires device in a three-terminal field-effect transistor configuration were investigated using a combination of macroscopic transport measurements and scanning surface-potential microscopy (SSPM). The structure of the device was determined using both scanning electron- and atomic force microscopy data. The SSPM images of two crossed one-dimensional nanostructures, simulating a prototypical nanowire network sensors, exhibit large dc potential drops at the crossed-wire junction and at the contacts, identifying them as the primary electroactive elements in the circuit. The gas sensitivity of this device was comparable to those of sensors formed by individual homogeneous nanostructures of similar dimensions. Under ambient conditions, the dc transport measurements were found to be strongly affected by field-induced surface charges on the nanostructure and the gate oxide. These charges result in a memory effect in transport measurements and charge dynamics which are visualized by SSPM. Finally, scanning probe microscopy is used to measure the current-voltage characteristics of individual active circuit elements, paving the way to a detailed understanding of chemical functionality at the level of an individual electroactive element in an individual nanowire. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

 

Molecular beam-controlled nucleation and growth of vertically aligned single-wall carbon nanotube arrays
G. Eres, A. A. Kinkhabwala, H. T. Cui, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, and D. H. Lowndes,
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
109 (35), 16684-16694 (2005).

The main obstacle to widespread application of single-wall carbon nanotubes is the lack of reproducible synthesis methods of pure material. We describe a new growth method for single-wall carbon nanotubes that uses molecular beams of precursor gases that impinge on a heated substrate coated with a catalyst thin film. In this growth environment the gas and the substrate temperature are decoupled and carbon nanotube growth occurs by surface reactions without contribution from homogeneous gas-phase reactions. This controlled reaction environment revealed that SWCNT growth is a complex multicomponent reaction in which not just C, but also H, and O play a critical role. These experiments identified acetylene as a prolific direct building block for carbon network formation that is an order of magnitude more efficient than other small-molecule precursors. The molecular jet experiments show that with optimal catalyst particle size the incidence rate of acetylene molecules plays a critical role in the formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes and dense vertically aligned arrays in which they are the dominant component. The threshold for vertically aligned growth, the growth rate, the diameter, and the number of walls of the carbon nanotubes are systematically correlated with the acetylene incidence rate and the substrate temperature.

 

A laser-deposition approach to compositional-spread discovery of materials on conventional sample sizes
H. M. Christen, I. Ohkubo, C. M. Rouleau, G. E. Jellison, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, and D. H. Lowndes,
Measurement Science & Technology
16 (1), 21-31 (2005).

Parallel (multi-sample) approaches, such as discrete combinatorial synthesis or continuous compositional-spread (CCS), can significantly increase the rate of materials discovery and process optimization. Here we review our generalized CCS method, based on pulsed-laser deposition. in which the synchronization between laser firing and substrate translation (behind a fixed slit aperture) yields the desired variations of composition and thickness. In situ alloying makes this approach applicable to the non-equilibrium synthesis of metastable phases. Deposition on a heater plate with a controlled spatial temperature variation can additionally be used for growth-temperature-dependence studies. Composition and temperature variations are controlled on length scales large enough to yield sample sizes sufficient for conventional characterization techniques (such as temperature-dependent measurements of resistivity or magnetic properties). This technique has been applied to various experimental studies, and we present here the results for the growth of electro-optic materials (SrxBa1-xNb2O6) and magnetic perovskites (Sr1-xCaxRuO3), and discuss the application to the understanding and optimization of catalysts used in the synthesis of dense forests of carbon nanotubes.

 

Scanning probe microscopy imaging of frequency dependent electrical transport through carbon nanotube networks in polymers
S. V. Kalinin, S. Jesse, J. Shin, A. P. Baddorf, M. A. Guillorn, and D. B. Geohegan,
Nanotechnology
15 (8), 907-912 (2004).

Frequency dependent electrical transport in the conducting networks of single walled carbon nanotubes embedded in polymers was studied by scanning impedance microscopy (SIM). SIM allows current flow in the nanotubes inside the polymer matrix at up to 100 nm below the surface to be imaged directly, providing a non-invasive approach for studying transport in these materials. The conductance of the composite is shown to be limited by a small number of bundle-bundle and bundle-contact junctions. For high frequencies, the SIM phase distribution along the networks is governed by the capacitive interaction between the nanotubes and the substrate and is in agreement with a transmission line model. For low driving frequencies the capacitive coupling to the back gate can be minimized and an approach for determining the potential distribution along the network by accounting for tip-surface capacitance variations is demonstrated. Thus, SIM provides a direct method for characterizing electrical transport through percolation networks formed by nanotube bundles in polymers or, more generally, nanorods in various matrices.

 

In situ control of the catalyst efficiency in chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on predeposited metal catalyst films
G. Eres, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, and H. Cui,
Applied Physics Letters
84 (10), 1759-1761 (2004).

Premature termination of growth, presumably because of catalyst deactivation, is an undesirable side effect of chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on predeposited metal catalyst films. The addition of ferrocene, an effective precursor for in situ Fe formation, was found to enhance carbon nanotube growth rates and extend growth to 3.25 mm thick carbon nanotube films. Ferrocene was introduced into the gas stream by thermal evaporation concurrently with acetylene using a specially constructed source. The key factor facilitating the growth of thick carbon nanotube films was the independent and precise control of the ferrocene amount in the feedstock. The carbon nanotube films were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the carbon nanotube growth with ferrocene exhibits a steep drop at high substrate temperatures and a loss of vertical alignment at 900 degreesC. The negative temperature coefficient of the growth rate suggests that the reaction mechanism of vertically aligned carbon nanotube growth is governed by a heterogeneous intermediate step. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

 

Rapid growth of long, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes through efficient catalyst optimization using metal film gradients
H. M. Christen, A. A. Puretzky, H. Cui, K. Belay, P. H. Fleming, D. B. Geohegan, and D. H. Lowndes,
Nano Letters
4 (10), 1939-1942 (2004).

Pulsed laser deposited, orthogonally overlapping metal film gradients are introduced as a versatile method to optimize desired nanomaterial characteristics simultaneously as a function of catalyst composition and film thickness. Catalyst libraries generated by this method are applied here to study the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition in acetylene from Mo/Fe/Al multilayers on Si. An Fe/Mo atomic ratio of 16:1 was discovered to be optimal for the rapid growth of nanotubes to long lengths, at rates exceeding 1 mm/hr.

 

Integrally gated carbon nanotube field emission cathodes produced by standard microfabrication techniques
M. A. Guillorn, M. D. Hale, V. I. Merkulov, M. L. Simpson, G. Y. Eres, H. Cui, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan,
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B
21 (3), 957-959 (2003).

The fabrication of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based field-emission devices has recently been an area of intense investigation. Here, we report a simple process for the fabrication of integrally gated CNT field-emission cathodes that uses standard microfabrication techniques. The operation of 3 X 3 field-emitter arrays produced using this process was investigated and found to behave in a manner consistent with the Fowler-Nordheim model of field emission. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society.

 

In situ growth rate measurements and length control during chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, I. N. Ivanov, S. Jesse, G. Eres, and J.Y. Howe
Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1851 (2003). Download PDF file (320 kB)

Time-resolved reflectivity is employed as an in situ diagnostic in thermal chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned arrays of multiwall carbon nanotubes (VAA–MWNT). Fabry–erot interference fringes and attenuation of a reflected HeNe laser beam are used to measure the length of VAA–MWNT throughout the first 3–8 µm of growth yielding in situ measurements of growth rates and kinetics and the capability to observe the onset and termination of growth. VAA–MWNT growth is characterized between 565 and 750 °C on Si substrates with evaporated Al/Fe/Mo multilayer catalysts and acetylene feedstock. Nanotube lengths were controlled by rapid evacuation of the chamber at predetermined reflectivities, and it was demonstrated that growth can be restarted at later times. The extinction coefficients of the VAA–MWNT were studied and correlated with nanotube wall structure. Growth rates for VAA–MWNT are found to vary depending on the catalyst preparation, temperature, and time. Both the highest growth rates (0.3 µm/s) and the tallest VAA–MWNT (0.75 mm long) were achieved at 730 °C. ©2003 American Institute of Physics.

 

Comment on "Single-Crystals of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Formed by Self-Assembly"
M. F. Chisholm, Y. Wang, A. R. Lupini, G. Eres, A. A. Puretzky, B. Brinson, A. V. Melechko, D. B. Geohegan, H. Cui, M. P. Johnson, S. J. Pennycook, D. H. Lowndes, S. Arepalli, C. Kittrell, S. Sivaram, M. Kim, G. Lavin, J. Kono, R. Hauge, and R. E. Smalley
Science 300, 1236b (2003)   Download PDF file (308 kB)

Schlittler et al. (1) reported the production of single crystals of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by the thermolysis of nanopatterned structures of alternating layers of C60 and nickel. Electron diffraction, high-resolution phase contrast imaging, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to characterize the resulting crystals. In this comment, we report the reproduction of their experimental results; however, we disagree with their interpretation of the data. We suggest that the crystals formed in our experiments consist not of SWCNTs, but rather of calcium molybdenum oxide.

 

Nucleation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
X. Fan, R. Buczko, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, J. Y. Howe, S. T. Pantelides, and S. J. Pennycook
Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 145501 (2003)   Download PDF file (424 kB)

The nucleation pathway for single-wall carbon nanotubes on a metal surface is demonstrated by a series of total energy calculations using density functional theory. Incorporation of pentagons at an early stage of nucleation is energetically favorable as they reduce the number of dangling bonds and facilitate curvature of the structure and bonding to the metal. In the presence of the metal surface, nucleation of a closed cap or a capped single-wall carbon nanotube is overwhelmingly favored compared to any structure with dangling bonds or to a fullerene.

 

Growth behavior of carbon nanotubes on multilayered metal catalyst film in chemical vapor deposition
H. Cui, G. Eres, J. Y. Howe, A. Puretkzy, M. Varela, D. B. Geohegan and D. H. Lowndes
Chem. Phys. Lett.
374, 222 (2003).   Download PDF file (431 kB)

The temperature and time dependences of carbon nanotube (CNT) growth by chemical vapor deposition are studied using a multilayered Al/Fe/Mo catalyst on silicon substrates. Within the 600–1100 °C temperature range of these studies, narrower temperature ranges were determined for the growth of distinct types of aligned multi-walled CNTs and single-walled CNTs by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. At 900 °C, in contrast to earlier work, double-walled CNTs are found more abundant than single-walled CNTs. Defects also are found to accumulate faster than the ordered graphitic structure if the growth of CNTs is extended to long durations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

 

Operation of individual integrally gated carbon nanotube field emitter cells
M. A. Guillorn, M. D. Hale, V. I. Merkulov, M. L. Simpson, G. Y. Eres, H. Cui, A. A. Puretzky , and D. B. Geohegan
Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2860 (2002)   Download PDF file (200 kB)

In this work, we examine the operation of individual field emitter cells contained in a field emitter array composed of integrally gated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based field emission cathodes. These devices were found to behave in a manner consistent with a multiple emission site model of Fowler-Nordheim field emission. These results show considerable variation in the operational characteristics of cells contained within the same array and indicate that data obtained from arrays of cells are not necessarily indicative of individual cell performance. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

 

The electrodeposition of metal at metal/carbon nanotube junctions
D. W. Austin, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, P. F. Britt, M. A. Guillorn, and M. L. Simpson
Chem. Phys. Lett. 361, 525 (2002)   Download PDF file (424 kB)

We deposited a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube on Pd electrodes, and the initial charge transport measurements showed the usual large contact resistance between the electrodes and the nanotube. We electroplated Au over the electrodes with no obvious deposition of An along the sidewalls of the nanotube between the electrodes. Post deposition charge transport measurements indicated more than a factor of six decrease in the electrode/nanotube contact resistance, yet the semiconducting behavior of the nanotube was maintained. A significant difference in the post deposition I-V characteristics may be explained by an electronic or mechanical modification of the nanotube/electrode junction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

 

Synthesis and characterization of single-wall carbon nanotube–amorphous diamond thin-film composites
H. Schittenhelm, D. B. Geohegan, G. E. Jellison, A. A. Puretzky, M. J. Lance, P. F. Britt
Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2097, (2002). Download PDF file (256 KB)

Investigations of single-wall carbon nanotube growth by time-restricted laser vaporization
Alex A. Puretzky, Henrik Schittenhelm, Xudong Fan, Michael J. Lance, Larry F. Allard, Jr., and David B. Geohegan
Phys. Rev. B 65, 245425 (2002) Download PDF file (1000 KB)

Condensed phase growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes from laser annealed nanoparticulates
D. B. Geohegan, H. Schittenhelm, X. Fan, and S. J. Pennycook, A. A. Puretzky, M. A. Guillorn, D. A. Blom and D. C. Joy
Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3307, (2001). Download PDF file (383 KB)
"Dynamics of single-wall carbon nanotube synthesis by laser vaporization"
A.A. Puretzky, D.B. Geohegan, X. Fan, S.J. Pennycook
Appl. Phys. A 70, 153, (2000). Download PDF file (531 KB)

In situ imaging and spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotube synthesis by laser vaporization
A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, X. Fan, and S. J. Pennycook,

Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 182, (2000). Download PDF file (304 KB)

"Imaging of Vapor Plumes Produced by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption: A Plume Sharpening Effect"
A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, G. B. Hurst, M. V. Buchanan and B. S. Luk'yanchuk

Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 444, (1999). Download PDF file (553k)

 

"Gas-phase nanoparticle formation and transport during pulsed laser deposition of Y1Ba2Cu3O7 – d"
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, and D. J. Rader

Appl.Phys. Lett. 74, 3788 (1999) . Download PDF file (287k)


"Time-Resolved Imaging  of Gas Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis by Laser Ablation" D.B. Geohegan, A.A. Puretzky, G. Duscher, and S.J. Pennycook

Appl.Phys. Lett. 72, 2987 (1998) . Download PDF file (195k)
"Photoluminescence from Gas-Suspended SiOx Nanoparticles Synthesized by Laser Ablation" D.B. Geohegan, A.A. Puretzky, G. Duscher, and S.J. Pennycook

Appl.Phys. Lett.73, 438 (1998) . Download PDF file (429k)

"Dynamics of Plume Propagation and Splitting during Pulsed-Laser Ablation of Si in He and Ar"
R. F. Wood, J. N. Leboeuf, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky and K. R. Chen

Phys. Rev. B. 58, 1533, (1998). Download PDF file (607k)

A modeling approach for calculating the expansion of a laser-generated plasma into a background gas has been developed. Although relatively simple in structure, the model gives excellent fits to various experimental data for Si in background gases of He and Ar, including the previously unexplained “splitting” of the ablated plume. The model is based on a combination of multiple-scattering and hydrodynamic approaches. It allows the plume to be broken up into components, or scattering orders, whose particles undergo 0, 1, 2,… collisions with the background. Particles can only be transferred from one order to the next higher order by collisions. The densities in the individual orders propagate according to the usual conservation equations to give the overall plume expansion. When Ar is the background gas, there is a non-negligible probability that Si plume atoms will reach the detector without undergoing any collisions. This gives rise to a flux component that is undisplaced from that obtained when no background gas is present in addition to the delayed peak from the scattered flux. In Ar only a few orders are necessary for convergence. The behavior in the light gas He is more complex because of the relatively small effect of any one-scattering event and the calculations must be carried out in some cases to as high as the 12th scattering order to find agreement with the experiments.

"Dynamics of Plume Propagation and Splitting during Pulsed-Laser Ablation"
R. F. Wood, K. R. Chen, J. N. Leboeuf, A. A. Puretzky, and D. B. Geohegan

Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1571, (1997). Download PDF file (130k)

An innovative new approach has been developed for modeling the expansion of laser-generated plumes into low-pressure gases where initially the mean free path may be long enough for interpenetration of the plume and background. The model is based on a combination of multiple elastic scattering and hydrodynamic formulations. Although relatively simple in structure, it gives excellent fits to new experimental data for Si in He and Ar, and provides for the first time a detailed, coherent explanation of the observed splitting of the plume into a fast and slow component.

"Synthesis of Novel Thin-Film Materials by Pulsed Laser Deposition"
Douglas H. Lowndes, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, D. P. Norton, and C. M. Rouleau

Cover (larger image)


Science 273, 898 (1996) . Download PDF file (2.4 Mb)
"Dynamics of laser ablation plume penetration through low pressure background gases" David B. Geohegan and Alexander A. Puretzky

Appl.Phys. Lett.67, 197 (1995) . Download PDF file (312k)
"Comparative diagnostics of ArF- and KrF-laser generated carbon plumes used for amorphous diamond-like carbon film deposition"  Puretzky, A.A.; Geohegan, D.B.; Jellison, G.E.J.; McGibbon, M.M.

Applied Surface Science, Vol: 96-98, pp. 859-865, (1996). Download PDF file (702k)
"Laser ablation plume thermalization dynamics in background gases: Combined imaging, optical absorption and emission spectroscopy, and ion probe measurements"  Geohegan, D.B.; Puretzky, A.A.

Applied Surface Science, Vol: 96-98, pp. 131-138, (1996). Download PDF file (585k)


"Accelerated expansion of laser-ablated materials near a solid surface"
K. R. Chen, J. N. Leboeuf, R. F. Wood, D. B. Geohegan, J. M. Donato, C. L. Liu, and A. A. Puretzky

Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4706, (1995).Download PDF file (163k)

Laser Ablation - Proceedings of Symposium F: Third International Symposium on Laser Ablation (COLA'95) of the 1995 E-MRS Spring Conference - Strasbourg, France, May 22-26, 1995 - Preface
E. Fogarassy, D. Geohegan, and M. Stuke, Applied Surface Science 96-8, R7-R7 (1996).

Mechanisms affecting kinetic energies of laser-ablated materials
K. R. Chen, J. N. Leboeuf, R. F. Wood, D. B. Geohegan, J. M. Donato, C. L. Liu, and A. A. Puretzky
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology a-Vacuum Surfaces and Films 14 (3), 1111-1114 (1996).

A dynamic source effect was found to accelerate the plume expansion velocity much higher than that from a conventional free-expansion model. A self-similar theory and a hydrodynamic model are developed to study this effect, which may help to explain experimentally observed high front expansion velocity. Background gas can also affect the kinetic energies. High background gas may cause the ablated materials to go backward. Experimentally observed plume splitting is also discussed.

 

Laser-solid interaction and dynamics of laser-ablated materials
K. R. Chen, J. N. Leboeuf, R. F. Wood, D. B. Geohegan, J. M. Donato, C. L. Liu, and A. A. Puretzky,
Applied Surface Science
96-8, 45-49 (1996).

An annealing model is extended to treat the vaporization process, and a hydrodynamic model describes the ablated material. We find that dynamic source and ionization effects accelerate the expansion front of the ablated plume with thermal vaporization temperature. The vaporization process and plume propagation in high background gas pressure are studied.

 

Growth of Highly Doped P-Type Znte Films by Pulsed-Laser Ablation in Molecular Nitrogen
C. M. Rouleau, D. H. Lowndes, J. W. Mccamy, J. D. Budai, D. B. Poker, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, and S. Zhu
Applied Physics Letters
67 (17), 2545-2547 (1995).

Highly N-doped (mid-10(19) to >10(20) cm(-3)) ZnTe/(001)GaAs epitaxial films have been grown by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of a stoichiometric ZnTe target in a high-purity N-2 ambient (50 to 200 mTorr) without the use of any assisting de or ac plasma source. Unlike recent experiments in which atomic N, extracted from de and rf plasma sources, was used to produce N-doping during molecular beam epitaxy, spectroscopic measurements performed during PLA of ZnTe in N-2 do not reveal the presence of atomic N. This suggests that the high hole concentrations in laser ablated ZnTe are produced by a new mechanism, possibly energetic beam-induced reactions with excited N-2 adsorbed on the film surface, and/or transient formation of Zn-N complexes in the energetic ablation plume.

 

Imaging and Blackbody Emission-Spectra of Particulates Generated in the Krf-Laser Ablation of BN and Yba2cu3o7-X
D. B. Geohegan, Applied Physics Letters 62 (13), 1463-1465 (1993).

Blackbody emission from ejecta following KrF-laser irradiation of YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) and BN targets in vacuum has been observed for the first time using intensified charge-coupled-device (CCD) photography and gated photon counting. Temporally resolved emission spectra from particulates up to 2 cm from the target and from 10 mus to 1.5 ms after the laser pulse are attributed to blackbody radiation. The spectra are used to estimate temperatures between 2200 and 3200 K for ejecta from both BN and YBCO when irradiated at PHI248 = 3.5 J and 1.5 J cm-2, respectively. The measured cooling of the particles in vacuum is compared to a radiative cooling model.

 

Fast Intensified-Ccd Photography of Yba2cu3o7-X Laser Ablation in Vacuum and Ambient Oxygen
D. B. Geohegan, Applied Physics Letters 60 (22), 2732-2734 (1992).

The propagation of laser ablation plumes from 248 nm laser-irradiated YBCO into vacuum and 100 mTorr ambient oxygen has been photographed with a gated, intensified CCD array camera system. The thermalization of the laser plasma and onset of shock structures due to collisions with the background gas are investigated from two-dimensional digitized images of the visible plume emission.

 

Physics and Diagnostics of Laser Ablation Plume Propagation for High-Tc Superconductor Film Growth
D. B. Geohegan, Thin Solid Films 220 (1-2), 138-145 (1992).

The formation, composition and propagation of laser-produced plasmas used for pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x have been studied under film growth conditions. Four complementary spatially and temporally resolved in situ diagnostic techniques are applied to characterize the expansion of the laser plume into both vacuum and ambient gases: optical emission and absorption spectroscopy, fast ion probe measurements, and fast photography with a gated, image-intensified charge-coupled detector-array (ICCD) camera system. Transient optical absorption spectroscopy reveals large densities of ground state atoms, ions, and molecules in the plume as well as a slower component to the plume transport than is indicated by the plasma fluorescence and ion current.

Ablation into background gases results in scattering and attenuation of the laser plume. The exponential attenuation of the positive ion flux transmitted through 50-300 mTorr background oxygen is measured and used to define an overall ion-oxygen reaction cross-section sigma(i-O2) = 2.3 x 10(-16) cm2 under the described film growth conditions.

The slowing of the laser plasma and formation of shock structures due to collisions with the ambient gas are described using ion probe measurements and ICCD photographic comparisons of expansion into vacuum and background oxygen. At the pressures used for PLD, distance-time R-t plots derived from the photographs and ion probe waveforms indicate that the higher pressure plume initially expands through the ambient gas in accordance with a drag model (where R = x(f)[1 - exp( - betat)]), experiencing little slowing until a visible shock structure forms. Following a transition period, in which the plume appears to have two components, a single-component shock structure propagates in better agreement with a shock, or blast wave (R = xi0(E/rho0)1/5t2/5) model.

 

Low-Temperature Photon-Controlled Growth of Thin-Films and Multilayered Structures
D. H. Lowndes, D. B. Geohegan, D. Eres, S. J. Pennycook, D. N. Mashburn, and G. E. Jellison, Applied Surface Science 36 (1-4), 59-69 (1989). PDF

Characterization of Ground-State Neutral and Ion-Transport during Laser Ablation of Y1ba2cu3o7-X Using Transient Optical-Absorption Spectroscopy
D. B. Geohegan and D. N. Mashburn, Applied Physics Letters 55 (22), 2345-2347 (1989).

Heteroepitaxial Growth of Ge Films on (100) Gaas by Pyrolysis of Digermane
D. Eres, D. H. Lowndes, J. Z. Tischler, J. W. Sharp, D. B. Geohegan, and S. J. Pennycook, Applied Physics Letters 55 (9), 858-860 (1989)

Arf Laser Photochemical Deposition of Amorphous-Silicon from Disilane - Spectroscopic Studies and Comparison with Thermal Cvd
D. Eres, D. B. Geohegan, D. H. Lowndes, and D. N. Mashburn Applied Surface Science 36 (1-4), 70-80 (1989).

Epitaxial-Growth of Ge Films on Gaas (285-415-Degrees-C) by Laser Photochemical Vapor-Deposition
V. Tavitian, C. J. Kiely, D. B. Geohegan, and J. G. Eden, Applied Physics Letters 52 (20), 1710-1712 (1988).

Photon-Controlled Fabrication of Amorphous Superlattice Structures Using Arf (193 Nm) Excimer Laser Photolysis
D. H. Lowndes, D. B. Geohegan, D. Eres, S. J. Pennycook, D. N. Mashburn, and G. E. Jellison, Applied Physics Letters 52 (22), 1868-1870 (1988).

Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Superconducting Films of
Ho1Ba2Cu3O7 – d and Y1Ba2Cu3O7 – d
D. B. Geohegan, D. N. Mashburn, R. J. Culbertson, S. J. Pennycook, J. D. Budai, R. E. Valiga, B. C. Sales, D. H. Lowndes, L. A. Boatner, E. Sonder, D. Eres, D. K. Christen, and W. H. Christie, Journal of Materials Research 3 (6), 1169-1179 (1988). Download PDF file (4.8Mb)

Absorption-Spectrum of Kr2f(4-2-Gamma) in the near Ultraviolet and Visible (335-Less-Than-or-Equal-to-Lambda-Less-Than-or-Equal-to-600 Nm) - Comparison with Kr-2+ (11/2)U) Measurements
D. B. Geohegan and J. G. Eden, Journal of Chemical Physics 89 (6), 3410-3427 (1988).

Absolute Photoionization Cross-Sections for Kr(5s) and Kr25s 3 Sigma(U+) Excited-States at 248 Nm
D. B. Geohegan, A. W. Mccown, and J. G. Eden, Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (2), 577-587 (1987).

Xe2cl and Kr2f Excited-State (42-Gamma) Absorption-Spectra - Measurements of Absolute Cross-Sections
D. B. Geohegan and J. G. Eden, Chemical Physics Letters 139 (6), 519-524 (1987).

Resonantly Enhanced Three-Photon Ionization of Krypton
D. B. Geohegan, A. W. Mccown, and J. G. Eden, Physical Review A 33 (1), 269-275 (1986).

XeCl Laser Power Enhancement with an External Ultraviolet-Laser
D. B. Geohegan, A. W. Mccown, and J. G. Eden, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 22 (4), 501-504 (1986).

Absorption of Electronically Excited Xe2Cl in the Ultraviolet
A. W. Mccown, M. N. Ediger, D. B. Geohegan, and J. G. Eden, Journal of Chemical Physics 82 (11), 4862-4866 (1985).

Interaction of Ultraviolet-Laser Radiation with a Xecl Laser
D. B. Geohegan, A. W. Mccown, and J. G. Eden, Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics 2 (6), 925-930 (1985).

Photoionization of Vapor-Phase Thallium and Indium Monohalides in the Ultraviolet - Absolute Cross-Sections and Photofragment Spectroscopy by Photodetachment of I-
D. B. Geohegan, A. W. Mccown, and J. G. Eden, Journal of Chemical Physics 81 (12), 5336-5351 (1984).

Column-Iiia Metal-Film Deposition by Dissociative Photoionization of Metal Halide Vapors
D. B. Geohegan and J. G. Eden, Applied Physics Letters 45 (10), 1146-1148 (1984).

Laser Photolysis and Ionization of Polyatomic-Molecules - Film Growth and Spectroscopic Diagnostics
J. G. Eden, J. F. Osmundsen, C. C. Abele, and D. B. Geohegan, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers 459, 22-24 (1984).

Double-Exposure Speckle Photography for the Measurement of Small Displacements
E. S. Wu and D. B. Geohegan, American Journal of Physics 51 (4), 315-320 (1983).

Radiative Collision-Induced Electron Continuum-Continuum Scattering
M. H. Nayfeh and D. B. Geohegan, Physical Review A 28 (3), 1395-1400 (1983).

Fast-ICCD Photography and Gated Photon Counting Measurements of Blackbody Emission from Particulates Generated in the KrF-Laser Ablation of BN and YBCO   
D. B. Geohegan, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 285 , 27 (1993). Download PDF file (1.6 Mb)

Effect of Ambient Gas Pressure on Pulsed Laser Ablation Plume Dynamics and ZnTe Film Growth
C. M. Rouleau, D. H. Lowndes, M. A. Strauss, S. Cao, A. J. Pedraza, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, and L. F. Allard,. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 397 , 119 (1996). Download PDF file (1.1 Mb)

Direct Observation of Intercalant and Catalyst Particle in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
X. Fan, E. C. Dickey, P. Eklund, K. Williams, L. Grigorian, A. Puretzky, D. Geohegan, R. Buczko, S. T. Pantelides, and S. J. Pennycook, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 593, 129 (2000). Download PDF file (1.4 Mb)

Photon-Controlled Growth of Multilayered Structures
D. H. Lowndes, D. B. Geohegan, D. Eres, D. N. Mashburn, and S. J. Pennycook, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc . 103, 23 (1988).
Download PDF file (1.3 Mb)

Ablation, Melting, and Smoothing of Polycrystalline Alumina by Pulsed Excimer Laser Radiation
D. H. Lowndes, M. DeSilva, M. J. Godbole, A. J. Pedraza, and D. B. Geohegan, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 285, 191 (1993).
Download PDF file (1.4 Mb)

Epitaxial Growth of Metal Fluoride Thin Films by Pulsed-Laser Deposition
D. P. Norton, J. D. Budai, B. C. Chakoumakos, D. B. Geohegan, and A. Puretzky, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 397, 259 (1996).
Download PDF file (800 kb)

Time-resolved diagnostics and mechanisms of single-wall carbon nanotube synthesis by the laser vaporization technique
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, X. Fan, S. J. Pennycook, M. A. Guillorn, M. L. Simpson, V. I. Merkulov, D. W. Austin, and D. C. Joy, SPIE 4347 , 1 (2001).
Download PDF file (5.0 Mb)

Spectroscopic and Ion Probe Characterization of the Transport Process Following Laser Ablation of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x ,  
D. B. Geohegan and D. N. Mashburn, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 191 , 211 (1990).
Download PDF file (900 kb)

Species-resolved Imaging and Gated Photon Counting Spectroscopy of Laser Ablation Plume Dynamics during KrF- and ArF-laser PLD of Amorphous Diamond Films
D. B. Geohegan and A. A. Puretzky,   Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 397 , 55 (1996). Download PDF file (3.5Mb)

In Situ Diagnostics of Nanomaterial Synthesis by Laser Ablation: Time-resolved Photoluminescence Spectra and Imaging of Gas-suspended Nanoparticles Deposited for Thin Films
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, A. Meldrum, G. Duscher, and S. J. Pennycook, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 536 , 359 (1999). Download PDF file (1.5Mb)

In Situ Laser Ablation Plasma Diagnostics in the Film Growth Regime - Effects of Ambient Background Gases
D. B. Geohegan, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 201 , 557 (1991). Download PDF file (848 kb)

Pulsed Laser Ablation Growth and Doping of Epitaxial Compound Semiconductor Films
D. H. Lowndes, C. M. Rouleau, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, M. A. Strauss, A. J. Pedraza, J. W. Park, J. D. Budai, and D. B. Poker  
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 397 , 107 (1996).
Download PDF file (2.4Mb)

Physics and Diagnostics of Laser Ablation Plume Propagation for High-T c Superconductor Film Growth
D. B. Geohegan, Thin Solid Films 220 , 138 (1992). Download PDF file (1.6Mb)

Mechanisms of Single-wall Carbon Nanotube Growth by the Laser Vaporization Technique: In Situ Imaging and Spectroscopy
D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, X. Fan, M. A. Guillorn, M. L. Simpson, V. I. Merkulov, and S. J. Pennycook, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 593 , 3 (2000). Download PDF file (1.7Mb)

In Situ Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, Incandencence, and Light Scattering Characterization of Single-wall Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by the Laser Vaporization Technique
A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, and H. Schittenhelm, SPIE 4977 , 648 (2003). Download PDF file (1.5Mb)

Synthesis of Multifunctional Single Wall Carbon Nanotube - Amorphous Diamond Thin Film Composites
D. B. Geohegan, C. Henrik Schittenhelm, A. A. Puretzky, M. J. Lance, G. E. Jellison, and P. F. Britt, SPIE 4977 , 658 (2003). Download PDF file (2.9Mb)

Laser Photochemical Vapor Deposition of Ge Films (300 <= T <= 873 K) from GeH4 :   Roles of Ge2H6 and Ge
K. K. King, V. Tavitian, D. B. Geohegan, E. A. P. Cheng, S. A. Piette, F. J. Scheltens, and J. G. Eden, Mat. Res. Soc Symp. Proc. 75 , 189 (1987). Download PDF file (364 kb)