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Human Genome News, July-Aug. 1995; 7(2):1

Optical Mapping Offers Fast, Accurate Method for Generating Restriction Maps

New Approach Eliminates Electrophoresis, Is Amenable to Automation

NOTE: A longer review article on this topic by David Schwartz and his colleagues is in print in Issue 1 of Genome Research, published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press and available online,with downloadable video sequences of the technique in action (http://www.genome.org/content/vol5/issue1/index.shtml).

Development of cheaper and faster technologies for large-scale genome mapping has been a major priority in the first 5 years of the Human Genome Project. Although many efforts have focused on improving standard gel electrophoresis and hybridization methods,a new approach using optical detection of single DNA molecules shows great promise for rapid construction of ordered genome maps based on restriction endonuclease cutting sites.(1-4)

Restriction endonucleases enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific sites in the genome have played a major role in allowing investigators to identify and characterize various loci on a DNA molecule. Unlike maps based on STSs (a sequence-based landmark), restriction maps provide the precise genomic distances that are essential for efficient sequencing and for determining the spatial relationships of specific loci. Compared with hybridization-based fingerprinting approaches, ordered restriction maps offer relatively unambiguous clone characterization, which is useful for determining overlapping areas in contig formation, establishing minimum tiling paths for sequencing (coverage of a region), and characterizing genetic lesions with respect to various structural alterations.

Despite the broad applications of restriction maps, however, associated techniques for their generation have changed little over the last 10 years because of their reliance on tedious electrophoresis methods. Optical mapping of single DNA molecules represents the first practical nonelectrophoretic genomic-analysis approach toward producing ordered restriction maps.

Visualizing Gaps in a DNA Molecule

Ordered optical restriction maps were first constructed from yeast chromosomes by fluorescence microscopic imaging of stained DNA molecules treated with restriction enzymes(1).In this method, individual fluorescently labeled DNA molecules were elongated on a microscope slide in a molten agarose flow containing restriction endonucleases. Resulting cleavage events were recorded by fluorescence microscopy as time-lapse digitized images; cut sites appeared as gaps that widened as DNA fragments relaxed. Fragment order was apparent throughout the procedure, and maps were constructed by measuring fragment sizes via relative fluorescence intensity or apparent length measurements. In addition to high throughput and high resolution, advantages of optical mapping include a very small sample size and the elimination of radioactive labeling required in conventional methods.

Modifications for Other Vectors

Improvements to the original optical mapping method now allow analysis of a wide range of such cloning vectors as cosmid, bacteriophage, P1, and YACs and produce accurate maps consisting of DNA fragments as small as 500 bp. These improvements include eliminating agarose and time-lapse imaging and fixing the elongated DNA molecules onto polylysine-treated glass surfaces. To analyze lambda clones, DNA samples have been fixed onto derivatized glass surfaces by sandwiching them between a treated coverslip and glass slide. A cooled CCD camera was used to image molecules from 28 kb down to 800 bp(3); more recent experiments have lowered the resolution limit to about 300 bp. Sizing errors are comparable to and in many cases lower than the rate achievable by agarose gel electrophoresis, depending on the number of molecules analyzed.

Generating YAC Maps

Although a large fraction of the human genome is covered by YAC contigs, few YAC restriction maps have been generated. Using optical mapping, ordered YAC restriction maps have been constructed, (4) with overall relative sizing errors comparable to routine pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis. Ordered restriction maps have now been generated for the human Beckwith-Wiedeman locus [with David Housman (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)], the BRCA2 locus [with Stuart Fisher (Columbia University)], and the mouse olfactory locus [with Richard Axel (Columbia University)]. Optical maps are currently being generated from phage, cosmid, YAC, and BAC clones.

Large-Scale Genome Mapping

High-throughput approaches are being devised in anticipation of the vastly increased requirements for whole-genome analysis. Fully automated optical mapping approaches would require no human intervention between sample preparation and map construction and hold enormous promise for miniaturization. The advantages of optical mapping high throughput and resolution, safety, and low cost are likely to aid rapid progress in genome analysis and contribute significantly to the accelerating pace of the Human Genome Project as well as to efforts directed toward mapping human disease genes and other genetic alterations.

[David C. Schwartz (NCHGR grantee, New York University) and Akhtar Samad (Cornell Medical College)]

References

  1. D.C. Schwartz, X. Li, L.I. Hernandez, S.P. Ramnarain, E.J. Huff, and Y.-K.Wang. Science 262, 110 (1993).
  2. X. Guo, E. Huff, and D.C. Schwartz. Nature 359, 783 (1992).
  3. X. Meng, K. Benson, K. Chada, E. Huff, and D.C. Schwartz. Nat. Genet. 9, 432 (1995).
  4. W. Cai, D.E. Housman, Y. Wang, and D.C. Schwartz. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 92, 5164 (1995)

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Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Human Genome News (v7n2).

Human Genome Project 1990–2003

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international 13-year effort, 1990 to 2003. Primary goals were to discover the complete set of human genes and make them accessible for further biological study, and determine the complete sequence of DNA bases in the human genome. See Timeline for more HGP history.

Human Genome News

Published from 1989 until 2002, this newsletter facilitated HGP communication, helped prevent duplication of research effort, and informed persons interested in genome research.